نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 مدرس و پژوهشگر دانشگاه و حوزه (نویسنده مسئول).
2 گروه فلسفه و حکمت اسلامی، دانشکده الهیات و معارف اسلامی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Introduction: Accountability is one of the fundamental moral virtues and plays a decisive role in promoting social trust and organizational productivity. Despite extensive recommendations for accountability in educational institutions, government sectors, and professional organizations, this virtue has often been reduced to superficial advice without deep conceptual clarification. In complex modern societies, identifying obstacles to accountability is crucial. This article focuses on two major psychological and conceptual barriers: the phenomenon of “false brothers” (misleading similarities between virtues and vices) and the formation of negative images (distorted mental constructs of self and others). These two factors jointly obstruct the path to genuine accountability.
Methodology: This study employs a conceptual analysis with an analytical–logical approach. Data were collected through library research, review of classical and modern ethical texts, and reflections on lived experiences. This mixed strategy enabled the authors to integrate theoretical insights with real-life examples, especially in educational and organizational contexts.
Findings: The findings indicate that avoidance of accountability is not merely a result of individual negligence or institutional shortcomings, but rather stems from complex mental mechanisms. First, the phenomenon of false brothers leads individuals to confuse virtues with vices. For example, arrogance may be mistaken for self-esteem, or authoritarianism may be confused with professional authority. As a result, people unintentionally embrace vices under the guise of virtues. Second, negative images strongly influence distorted perceptions of self and others. Through self-deception, individuals rationalize their unethical behaviors, while through other-deception they attempt
to delegitimize the right of others to hold them accountable. At the organizational level, distorted cultural and managerial images, such as perceiving employees as mere mechanical components, further weaken accountability. Such objectification erodes human dignity and leads to systemic irresponsibility.
Discussion: The discussion reveals that the interaction between false brothers and negative images undermines the very foundation of accountability. This avoidance often manifests in subtle and deceptive forms, where individuals or institutions appear to respond but in reality evade responsibility through fallacious reasoning or distorted framing. Ethical theories of thinkers such as Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, psychoanalytic perspectives of Freud on defense mechanisms, and modern cognitive psychology all highlight how desires and biases distort rational judgment, thereby promoting avoidance. The consequences are profound: erosion of trust, weakening of ethical relations, and decline in organizational performance. Therefore, raising awareness about the fine distinctions between virtues and vices, and correcting distorted images, are indispensable strategies for restoring a culture of accountability.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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